鄱阳湖沙地生态经济产业初探——以都昌县为例

阐述了都昌鄱阳湖区沙地生态现状,尝试提出了沙地生态经济产业发展组合模式,为鄱阳湖生态经济发展提供有益的参考思路。     

The formation age and evolution of Kumtagh Desert

The ancient aeolian sand has been regarded as an indicator for the formation and evolution of a desert in the past.Kumtagh Desert is located at the northern fringe of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The first integrated scientific investigation to the desert was carried out during the period of 2004-2006.Kumtagh Desert is an ideal natural model for studying the formation and evolution of the desert because the Quaternary strata containing ancient aeolian sands are widely distributed.The integrated field investigation and studies on sedimentary,chronology and palynology of typical profiles named Suosuo gully,Xiaoquan gully and gravel body with ancient aeolian sand layers showed that Kumtagh Desert was probably formed as early as 2,097.7±314.7 ka BP.During the period of 386.9±58.0 ka BP to 285.9±42.9 ka BP,the desert largely expanded and formed its modern distribution pattern.The desert was originally developed in the southwest,subsequently,expanded to the north and northeast.The sedimentary facies of Suosuo gully profile revealed that the desert experienced at least 19 cycles of advance and inverse processes of desertification with an average period of 110 ka in the Quaternary.The neotectonic movements played an important role in the formation,development and geomorphology of the desert.On one hand,the movements caused the formation of intermontane fault basin,which was further developed towards the closed drought basin,and caused the formation of natural environment.On the other hand,under the control of surrounding faults,the unique broom-shaped desert landscape was formed,and the gullies and sand ridges in this region experienced an abrupt directional change from north by west to north by east at the location of 39°45'-39°55'N.The unique landscape of gravel body that occurred widely in the northern desert was formed after 285.9±42.9 ka BP.The results in this paper provide the scientific basis for studying the formation age and evolutionary process under the dry climate and environment in the northwestern China,and the uplifting of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as well as its responses to the global climate changes.     

Impact factors of soil wind erosion in the center of Taklimakan Desert

The development and progress of soil wind erosion are influenced by the factors of climate,terrain,soil and vegetation,etc. This paper,taking Tazhong region,a town in the centre of the Taklimakan Desert,as an example and using comparative and quantitative methods,discussed the effects of climate,surface roughness(including vegetation cover) and surface soil properties on soil wind erosion. The results showed that the climate factor index C of annual wind erosion is 28.3,while the maximum of C is 13.9 in summer and it is only 0.7 in winter. The value of C has a very good exponential relationship with the wind speed. In Tazhong region,the surface roughness height is relatively small with a mean of 6.32 × 10-5 m,which is in favor of soil wind erosion. The wind erosion is further enhanced by its sandy soil types,soil particle size,lacking of vegetation and low soil moisture content. The present situation of soil wind erosion is the result of concurrent effects of climate,vegetation and surface soil properties.     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同生态类型梭梭地上生物量估算模型

以古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)为研究对象,采用基径(D)和株高(H)的组合D2H为变量,建立了沙质、盐土和石砾质3个生态类型梭梭地上生物量、基径≥3 cm的粗枝生物量及基径<3 cm细枝生物量的预测模型。结果表明:梭梭地上生物量、粗枝生物量及细枝生物量与基径平方乘高(D2H)之间存在极为显著的相关关系;地上生物量在3种生态类型上均表现出与乔木树种类似的相对生长规律,其估测模型以幂函数方程最优;粗枝和细枝生物量在沙质生态类型上以幂函数方程最好,而在盐土和石砾质生态类型上则以二次多项式方程最佳;各模型回检的拟合精度都在85%以上,预测精度较可靠。     

沙漠铁路周边生态环境恢复演化研究

十一五期间,国家将重点加强中西部铁路建设,到2010年,西部铁路网总规模即达35000km。选择位于腾格里沙漠东南缘的包兰铁路中卫至干螗段为研究对象,通过对该段铁路周边生态环境的回访调查与监测,研究分析沙漠铁路对周边生态环境的影响以及恢复演变过程。认为铁路工程建设在施工期对地表植被、沙结皮等原有覆盖层会造成不同程度的破坏,从而加剧风沙活动,但通过采取卵石覆盖、土工网垫、草方格沙障、植树造林等治理措施,能够得到有效控制。人工干预措施中,灌溉造林对沙漠铁路生态环境起到了良好的改善作用,但投资较大;旱生造林也有改善作用,但作用缓慢;沙化严重地区植被自然恢复能力较差,较人工干预条件下的恢复要慢得多。通过治理。铁路周边生态环境已由铁路修建前沙漠化严重的生态背景逐步演化为绿色防护体系格局。这为修建铁路过程中沙漠地区生态环境保护,尤其是沙漠化严重地区的生态恢复与重建提供了参考依据,并对西部大开发战略实施具有重要的实践意义。     

库布齐沙漠几种常见灌木光合生理特征与土壤含水量的关系

2006年7—9月,采用Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定系统在模拟光照条件下,对库布齐沙漠不同水分处理的3年生柽柳、小叶锦鸡儿、杨柴苗木进行观测。观测指标包括:光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）、表观量子效率（AQY）、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、羧化效率（CE）等。运用SPSS数据处理软件进行分析,确定这3种灌木光合生理特征与土壤含水量之间的定量关系。结果表明:①3种灌木光合生理特征对土壤含水量变化具有明显的阈值响应。②不同土壤含水量（SWC）下,柽柳、小叶锦鸡儿、杨柴苗木Pn最大值（Pnmax）的增加幅度分别为521、648、14.31 μmol/(m2·s)。③LSP随土壤含水量（SWC）的变化并不是特别明显,值在1 000～1 400 μmol/(m2·s)之间波动。④LCP随SWC的增加呈下降趋势,变化范围为217～741 μmol/(m2·s)。⑤AQY随SWC的增加呈上升趋势,变化范围为0.01～0.04。⑥柽柳、小叶锦鸡儿和杨柴维持Pnmax的SWC分别为13.8%、13.3%和15.2%;维持最高叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的SWC分别为10.0%、11.0%和8.5%;土壤水合补偿点分别为1.1%、0.8%和0.9%。⑦柽柳、小叶锦鸡儿和杨柴最适宜的SWC范围分别为10.0%～13.8%、11.0%～13.3%和8.5%～15.2%。      

阜康北部梭梭荒漠早春物种多样性研究

通过对梭梭荒漠2种植物群落早春的物种组成、垂直结构及物种多样性的对比研究发现:梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落和白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)群落具有结构简单、群落优势度高、均匀度和物种多样性较低、旱生性植物占绝对优势及短生植物成为群落重要组成部分等特征。同时,二者存在以下差异:①物种多样性差异, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数梭梭群落(0.74,0.08和0.81)均高于白梭梭群落(0.61, 0.06和0.77);②主要伴生种不同,前者以草本植物为主要伴生种,后者以灌木为主要伴生种;③短生物种丰富度差异分别占前者的64.7%(11种)及后者的60%(15种)。2种梭梭群落的特点与差异可能与古尔班通古特沙漠南缘早春适宜的水热配置、群落生境的沙土含水量、沙面稳定程度及物种本身的生物学特性等因素有关。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地高大复杂纵向沙垄区简单横向沙丘形态特征的空间变异

为了探讨小尺度风沙地貌形态的空间变异过程,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地高大复杂纵向沙垄横断面上简单横向沙丘形态特征进行了研究。沙丘形态野外测量采用RTK(real-tim e k inem atic)技术,并通过南方测绘软件(South Survey)量算形态特征参数。结果表明:简单横向沙丘形态特征参数及其相互关系具有空间变异性。在8个地貌部位之间,沙丘形态特征参数(不包括迎风坡度)存在显著性差异,主要体现在:垄顶、沙垄背风坡、其他地貌部位(包括垄间地和沙垄迎风坡)三者之间的差异。地貌部位、输沙风强度以及沙丘活动强度是驱动沙丘形态空间变异的因素。沙丘高度与翼展度余弦有负对数关系,发育指数与高度、迎风坡度成负线性相关,这些相关性的显著程度在垄顶、背风坡较高,在垄间和迎风坡较低。     

古尔班通古特沙漠NDVI时空变化特征

利用NOAA/AVHRR NDVI时间序列数据,分析1981-2003年古尔班通古特沙漠不同分区NDVI时空变化的特征。结果表明:23年来,古尔班通古特沙漠NDVI整体上呈波动上升趋势。NDVI增加区域略大于减小区域,且20世纪90年代NDVI增加幅度小于80年代。沙漠不同的植被、沙地类型可能造成了NDVI年内变化特征的空间差异性。沙漠中部和西部年内NDVI最高,呈单峰型;东南部最低,呈低值型;北部植物生长季期间NDVI变化非常平缓,为平稳型。从年内尺度看,水分和热量条件对沙漠植被生长的年内变化起着重要作用。从年际尺度看,降水对NDVI年际变化影响较大,降水丰沛的年份植被茂盛,反之植被稀少、生长缓慢;气温对植被生长的影响不明显。在空间分布上NDVI具有明显的纬向水平地带性分布规律:44.7°~45.6°N NDVI较高,在0.15以上,45.6°N以北和44.7°N以南的地区NDVI较低,其值小于0.15。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地表感热特征分析

利用1979年3月~2004年2月月平均的NCEP/DOE新再分析地表感热资料,在分析塔克拉玛干沙漠四季感热基本气候特征的基础上,通过EOF分析方法,对沙漠地表感热异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势作了诊断研究。结果表明:1)沙漠地区地表感热通量的分布存在较大的季节和区域性差异。2)根据各季地表感热距平场的EOF分析,该区感热异常主要有全区一致型、南北差异型以及西北~东南差异型三种常见的分布模态;3)近25年来,塔克拉玛干沙漠春季和夏季地表感热在第一空间尺度上总体变化趋势平缓,秋季在波动中有明显增强的趋势;在第二空间尺度上夏季和秋季变化趋势不太显著,而春季在沙漠北部有减弱的趋势,南部有增强的趋势。